US scientists find evidence of ancient Martian lake

A US spacecraft orbiting Mars has provided evidence of an ancient crater lake fed by groundwater, adding further support to theories that the Red Planet may once have hosted life, NASA said Sunday.

Spectrometer data from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) shows traces of carbonate and clay minerals usually formed in the presence of water at the bottom of the 1.4-mile (2.2-kilometer) deep McLaughlin Crater.
"These new observations suggest the formation of the carbonates and clay in a groundwater-fed lake within the closed basin of the crater," NASA said of the findings, which were published in the online edition of Nature Geoscience.
"Some researchers propose the crater interior catching the water," the space agency said, adding that "the underground zone contributing the water could have been wet environments and potential habitats."
The crater lacks large inflow channels, so the lake was likely fed by groundwater, scientists said.
The latest observations "provide the best evidence for carbonate forming within a lake environment instead of being washed into a crater from outside," said Joseph Michalski, lead author of the paper.
The 57-mile-wide crater sits at the low end of a regional slope several hundreds of miles long and, as on Earth, groundwater-fed lakes would be expected to occur at low elevations.
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has been exploring the planet's surface since its dramatic landing on August 6, collecting rock samples and beaming back rare images in anticipation of an eventual manned mission.
MRO scientist Rich Zurek, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the latest findings indicate "a more complex Mars than previously appreciated, with at least some areas more likely to reveal signs of ancient life than others." (Source News)

'Strongest evidence yet to there being life on Mars'

Prof John Parnell, 55, has co-written a theory with Dr Joseph Michalski, a planetary geologist at the Natural History Museum, that suggests they have discovered the best signs of life in the huge McLaughlin Crater on the surface of Mars.

The document, published today in Nature Geoscience journal, describes how they assessed the crater, created by a meteorite which smashed into the surface of Mars, flinging up rocks from miles below.

The rocks appear to be made up of clays and minerals which have been altered by water - the essential element to support life.

Speaking from his laboratory at the University of Aberdeen, geochemist Prof Parnell said: "We could be so close to discovering if there is, or was, life on Mars.

"We know from studies that a substantial proportion of all life on Earth is also in the subsurface and by studying the McLaughlin Crater we can see similar conditions beneath the surface of Mars thanks to observations on the rocks brought up by the meteorite strike.

"There can be no life on the surface of Mars because it is bathed in radiation and it's completely frozen. However, life in the sub surface would be protected from that.
"And there is no reason why there isn't bacteria or other microbes that were or still are living in the small cracks well below the surface of Mars.
"One of the other things we have discussed in our paper is that this bacteria could be living off hydrogen, which is exactly the same as what microbes beneath the surface of the Earth are doing too.
"Unfortunately, we won't find any evidence of animals as the most complex life you might get in the sub surface would be fungi.
"But fungi aren't even that far removed from plants and animals, so I think you could say that life on Mars could be complex, but small."
Prof Parnell reckons that although the next mission to Mars will have a drill to examine possibilities of life beneath the surface of Mars, he says his new study suggests looking around the edges of craters would be easier and more beneficial.
He said: "What we're really doing is emphasising that if we are going to explore for life on Mars, we need to go beneath the surface. So we need to find an approach beneath the surface.
"One approach to do that might be to drill and indeed the next European mission to Mars will have a drill on it, but that will only go down about two metres.
"And although drilling two metres on Earth would be a fantastic technological achievement, it's only really scratching the surface.
"So the alternative is to use what nature has done for us and that's why we are are particularly interested in the McLaughlin Crater that we have investigated in our paper.
"Because when a meteor lands, it excavates a big hole in the ground and throws rocks from the bottom of the hole outside the crater to where we could conceivably go and sample them."
And while the craters on Mars may uncover secrets about the planet's possibility of supporting life, Prof Parnell also revealed the results could show us how life on Earth began.
He said: "It's very easy to draw parallels between what Mars looks like and what the early Earth might have looked like, because the rocks on Earth that we see now have been recycled a lot in ways that they have not been recycled on Mars.
"Mars has not had things like erosion and shifting of mountain ranges to destroy vital evidence from the past.
"So studying meteorite craters of Mars may well actually give us an indication to how life on Earth began.
"Although we all live on the surface of Earth, life did not originate here, but actually in the sub surface.
"It was only when life had taken hold below the surface that it gradually expanded and came up to the surface.
"In fact, there's so much life below the surface of our planet that we are actually the unusual ones living above it." (Source News)